Sensors or sensors is a sense of a robot like human senses.
Touch Sensor
Tactile sensor is the simplest sensor of the human senses. A human being blind and deaf can still rely on sensors is to recognize objects or moving through obstacles. Also on a robot is not equipped with sound sensors or vision sensors, tactile sensors are needed, especially for robots robot automatic category.
Limit Switch
Limit Switch is a touch sensor that detects the mechanical and something after the physical contact. The use of these sensors are usually used for limit the maximum movement of a mechanic. For example in the drive arm in where the limit switches will be active and provide input to the CPU to stop the motor in motion when the arm is withdrawn maximum. This sensor is also often used for backup sensor if the sensor others do not work. For example at the edge of a robot, at the time infrared sensor fails to detect an obstacle, then the limit switch will detect and ordered the motor to stop when there is physical contact.
Infrared
Figure 2. Spectrum of Light and Human Response
This component has the same properties that make transistors cut-off conditions and saturation. The difference is, when the transistor state cut-off occurs when no current flows through the base to the emitter and conditions saturation occurs when no current flows through the base to the emitter is at phototransistor cut-off condition occurs when there is no infrared light is received and saturation occurs when infrared light is received.
Cut-off condition is a condition in which the transistors are in OFF state so the current does not flow from the collector to emitter. In a series of figure 3, the flow will flow and the base bias transistor Q2 C9014. Saturation is conditions where the transistor is in ON state so that current from the collector flows into the emitter and causes the transistor Q2 does not have bias or OFF.
Phototransistor ST8-LR2 has a 15-degree angle and area of the protective layer blue sensor that protects the wild lights. In the phototransistor is not equipped with this protective layer, the lights can lead to wild false indications are sent to the CPU and disrupt existing processes in there.
The application of these components as touch sensors are used together with Infrared LED emitted to the ground. If surface soil or light-colored floor, then the infrared signal will be returned to the sensor and accepted by ST8-LR2. But if the ground or floor surface dark then the infrared signal is absorbed and only a few or even no you are welcome.
Hamamatsu P5587
This type of sensor is used exclusively for the touch sensor detect differences in black and white lines as in the application on the phototransistor, but because the sensor is designed to touch the sensor this sensor has a more compact form in which the LED Infrared as infrared radiant been included in these sensors. This sensor is also equipped with schmit trigger and reinforce the transistor switching output that can be connecteddirectly to the microcontroller.
This type of sensor is used exclusively for the touch sensor detect differences in black and white lines as in the application on the phototransistor, but because the sensor is designed to touch the sensor this sensor has a more compact form in which the LED Infrared as infrared radiant been included in these sensors. This sensor is also equipped with schmit trigger and reinforce the transistor switching output that can be connecteddirectly to the microcontroller.
GP2D12
Infrared
Figure 2. Spectrum of Light and Human Response
Infrared, a wavelength of light at the peak point is outside the human eye response is a light that has a lot of functions in the field of electronics and robotics.
Phototransistor ST8-LR2
Phototransistor ST8-LR2
Figure 3 Infrared sensor circuit with ST8LR2
This component has the same properties that make transistors cut-off conditions and saturation. The difference is, when the transistor state cut-off occurs when no current flows through the base to the emitter and conditions saturation occurs when no current flows through the base to the emitter is at phototransistor cut-off condition occurs when there is no infrared light is received and saturation occurs when infrared light is received.
Cut-off condition is a condition in which the transistors are in OFF state so the current does not flow from the collector to emitter. In a series of figure 3, the flow will flow and the base bias transistor Q2 C9014. Saturation is conditions where the transistor is in ON state so that current from the collector flows into the emitter and causes the transistor Q2 does not have bias or OFF.
Phototransistor ST8-LR2 has a 15-degree angle and area of the protective layer blue sensor that protects the wild lights. In the phototransistor is not equipped with this protective layer, the lights can lead to wild false indications are sent to the CPU and disrupt existing processes in there.
The application of these components as touch sensors are used together with Infrared LED emitted to the ground. If surface soil or light-colored floor, then the infrared signal will be returned to the sensor and accepted by ST8-LR2. But if the ground or floor surface dark then the infrared signal is absorbed and only a few or even no you are welcome.
Hamamatsu P5587
Figure 4 Hamamatsu P5587
This type of sensor is used exclusively for the touch sensor detect differences in black and white lines as in the application on the phototransistor, but because the sensor is designed to touch the sensor this sensor has a more compact form in which the LED Infrared as infrared radiant been included in these sensors. This sensor is also equipped with schmit trigger and reinforce the transistor switching output that can be connecteddirectly to the microcontroller.
This type of sensor is used exclusively for the touch sensor detect differences in black and white lines as in the application on the phototransistor, but because the sensor is designed to touch the sensor this sensor has a more compact form in which the LED Infrared as infrared radiant been included in these sensors. This sensor is also equipped with schmit trigger and reinforce the transistor switching output that can be connecteddirectly to the microcontroller.
GP2D12
This sensor is an infrared sensor that has the ability to detect objects at large distances. Besides the ability to detect objects, this sensor can also measure the distance between the sensor with the target object.
Rays emitted by the LED will be accepted at the PSD and the modified a voltage analog. The stronger the light it receives, the greater the issued an analog voltage
Ultrasonic
Compared with infrared, ultrasonic has the ability to detect more distant objects, especially for things that hard. In objects has a hard surface waves will be reflected more strongly than objects that have a soft surface.
As the name implies, is an ultrasonic wave has a frequency above human hearing is above 20 KHz. In general circuit uses ultrasonic frequency 40 kHz generated by oscillator circuit. Introduction to object or the distance between the object sensor can be identified by calculating the time difference from the first ultrasonic signal until being re-emitted by the sensor.
SRF-04 module is a module ultrasonic transmitter and receiver are been completed by the microcontroller that calculates the distance to the generating pulse is directly proportional to the distance. As shown in Figure 7, Echo Pulse Output rose after 8 cycles of ultrasonic frequency is raised and returned after ultrasonic waves back to the recipient.
The next trigger signal can be generated only after 10 mS Echo accepted for subsequent measurement process.
Figure 5
GP2D12 Block Diagram
GP2D12 Block Diagram
Rays emitted by the LED will be accepted at the PSD and the modified a voltage analog. The stronger the light it receives, the greater the issued an analog voltage
Ultrasonic
Compared with infrared, ultrasonic has the ability to detect more distant objects, especially for things that hard. In objects has a hard surface waves will be reflected more strongly than objects that have a soft surface.
As the name implies, is an ultrasonic wave has a frequency above human hearing is above 20 KHz. In general circuit uses ultrasonic frequency 40 kHz generated by oscillator circuit. Introduction to object or the distance between the object sensor can be identified by calculating the time difference from the first ultrasonic signal until being re-emitted by the sensor.
SRF-04 module is a module ultrasonic transmitter and receiver are been completed by the microcontroller that calculates the distance to the generating pulse is directly proportional to the distance. As shown in Figure 7, Echo Pulse Output rose after 8 cycles of ultrasonic frequency is raised and returned after ultrasonic waves back to the recipient.
Figure 7
SRF-04 Timing Diagram
SRF-04 Timing Diagram
The next trigger signal can be generated only after 10 mS Echo accepted for subsequent measurement process.
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